This study showed that GNPs induced early apoptosis in both SKMES-1 and A549 lung cancer cells. In this work, for the first time, we studied the in vitro and in vivo interactions of a relatively new derivative of graphene, graphene nanopores (GNPs) in mammalian systems, to systematically elucidate the possible mechanism of their toxicity over time. In particular, the biological effects of these materials need to be assessed to ensure risk free, sustainable development of graphene for widespread applications. The increased production of graphene nanostructures and increased likelihood of exposures to these substances in environmental and occupational settings has raised concerns about adverse health outcomes. Owing to these unique features, graphene-related materials are finding new uses in nanomedicine and synthetic biology in addition to their diverse applications in electronics, optoelectronics, photonics and environmental clean-up. As an inexpensive monolayer archetypal member of the carbon family, graphene has triggered a new ‘gold rush’ in nanotechnology for achieving unique properties that were not available in many traditional materials.
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